Impact Of The Global Economic Crisis In Africa - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6915 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Tags: Africa Essay Did you like this example? The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the impact of the global economic crisis in Africa and provide suitable suggestions as a consultant of the African Union The African economy was proceeding towards a splendid reasonable growth towards the beginning of the year 2008 even though many countries in the world were caught between the subprime crises. The African continent was one of the worlds best continent with abundant of resources and gradually developing and recording a reasonable growth in their GDP, before the global economic crisis affected the development of this region. Africa was a frontier in the production of resources with recording a above average growth, experts predicted the present growth rate would lead to the development of African economy as a superior power in the future. However the present decline in the prices of export commodities has resulted in the decline in the government revenues which has affected the GDP of Africa. The major contributors to the development of African economy were the need for resource materials, the reasonable development of china and the increase in the inflow of capital and factors of macro economic rectifications. There was an also major contribution from the migrant remittances which contributed to the reasonable earnings in the household and increase the government revenues in terms of tax. There were many speculations expecting the best out of the potential of Africa in order to produce resources for the growth of the continent and reduce poverty. But there was a close indication of the downfall in the economy in the early 2007 which ultimately was encountered by the African economy in the late 2008. In the world economy when many developed countries were facing recession and crisis, there was severe alteration towards the growth scenario in Africa because of the stagnancy. The majority of the growth contributors of Africa were affected by this crisis. The development in chinas economy declined gradually and there was a downfall in the need for resources and their prices were declining to an extent. Because of the reasonable GDP there was no pressure on the concern of inflation. Certain assurance of added aids was not implemented yet and there was a reduction in the capital inflow. Since the effects were taken care of there were no immediate reactions in Africa due to the economic crisis. However the reduction in the external aid which was not implemented as assured by many developed countries in the G20 started affecting the health sector to a greater extent. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact Of The Global Economic Crisis In Africa" essay for you Create order To have a detail description of African economic crisis we would discuss the major sectors which have been adversely affected due to recession. To start with there would be an impact in the mining sector, impact in banking sector does not have any major adverse effects, consequences faced by the effects of crisis in finance sector including the commodity markets and international exchange rates, adverse effects on remittances and capital inflows in the trade sectors with the addition of FDI. There were other sectors too such as tourism, manufacturing which had experienced an impact due to the global economic crisis. The under development of the banking sector in Africa is another major concern because the banking sector has failed to derive structures that benefits the economy. The increase in the banking policies with external integration could generate the flow of capital which was not implemented in Africa There were certain positive impacts for the countries importing commodities in Africa, they were benefited a lot from reducing the expenditures. On the entire economy of Africa the sub Saharan region was the most to be affected by the crisis. The ultimate effects of the global economic crisis were the increase in the infant mortality rate, increase in poverty, pressure on government to restructure the fiscal budget, and unemployment. However since there was growth in African economy it could face the immense pressure of Economic crisis. The major countries to experience severe effects by the economic crisis are Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya, Zambia, Egypt which are mostly the sub Saharan Africa regions. The impact of the economic crisis in Africa made many underdeveloped countries to receive international implications on its economy to develop their infrastructure. The international business strategies suitable recovery facts have proved more beneficiaries in the world economies. The suggestion of suitable changes in the physical structure could help in the faster recovery of the economic crisis IMPACTS OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS ON BANKING The global economic crisis effect in the major developed countries was on the banking sector where many banking corporate collapsed during the crisis. But the African economy did not have any adverse effects on the banking sector because of their less extent of bonding with the world economies. The African economy has a comparatively low external financing compared to other continents of the world, the external financing of Africa only accounts to 4% of the overall volume in the emerging economies. To have a statistical overview the African external financing it only issued bonds worth of six million American dollars and received only three million dollars from private reserves. This comparatively low market capitalization of the world economy has protected the African banking system from severe damages. The African economy did not report any bankruptcy during the global economic crisis because the African banks could manage reasonable returns from the mortgages. There were certain e ffects in the African economy due to the presence of foreign banks with assets in some African countries like Swaziland, Madagascar who suffered major losses due to world financial crisis. But the effects of world economic crisis did not affect the banks progress in Africa, the banking systems dominates the finance sector and the role played by the financial markets are not of greater concern. There is a transmission check of funds borrowed from foreign banks by the government and there is less awareness of off balance sheet procedure to African economy which was the major reasons for the stability of African banking sector. The conversion of many capital resources into foreign assets saved the African economy to avoid exchange rate appreciation. To sum up the impact of global economic crisis did not deliver any adverse effect on the banking sector. IMPACTS OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS ON THE FINANCIAL STRUCTURE OF AFRICA INTRODUCTION The African continent was not isolated from the financial crisis, to have a deep overview of the financial crisis there were certain adverse effects on the economy because of the badly constructed financial systems. There was a reduction in the earnings in many sectors such as there was a reduction in the need of commodities and also reduction in the commodity prices, There were reduction in capital inflows, the major affected sector will be the export where it will face a reduction of $578 billion in the recent years out of which the oil sector itself will account to $420 billion reduction in the earnings. This loss in the earnings will account to one fifth of the GDP which is five times the avail given to the region. There was an effect of this financial crisis in the growth of the economy and it also increased poverty. To have a deeper analysis of the impact of the financial crisis in Africa let us look at the causes of transmission of the financial crisis and its effect on the in dividual factors of the financial sector. Causes of financial crisis is Africa The major cause of the financial crisis in Africa was the reduction in the prices and amount of the export commodities because of the global financial crisis. There was a prominent reduction in the prices of commodities in the late 2008 such as oil sector faced a downfall of 69% in their prices, because of the decline in the exports up to 45% there was a huge loss faced by the continent, even the other commodities excluding oil accounted to 38% of downfall in their prices. The other major cause of the African financial crisis is the decline in the capital inflow and remittances. These accounted to decline in the foreign exchange which ultimately guided to poverty in the continent due to the shortage in income. The developing countries have always depended on foreign direct investment (FDI) for developing the countys economy and infrastructure. Because of the delays in the assured FDI many projects have been delayed or halted leading to gradual loses. Finally there was downfall in the stocks of the foreign reserves and the reduction in the span of import cover contributed to a larger pressure in the African economy unable to afford the commodities hence causing more crisis. Let us have a broader view of the effects in the African economy due to the causes of the global economic crisis. EFFECTS OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS IN AFRICA EFFECT ON THE FINANCIAL MARKETS There was a gradual impact in the financial markets because of the subprime crisis. The banking sector did not face any direct impact of the crisis but there were effects due to transmission and dependence on the external economy. There were slight rise in the prices of the assets and the risk premium was increased indicating there was some damage in the finance structure in the early 2008. Because of the transmission and dependency, the liquid finance markets where affected more in this region more than the developed countries and inclined to the over valuing of stocks. If you have a look at the reports from countries like Nigeria and Egypt, they faced a loss of more than half of their investment towards late 2008. Increase in the value of debts in the international finance markets has caused the rise in debt spreads in the African countries. In order to attract the investors the African countries like Tunisia increased their bias points. The bias points of the developing countries mainly in Africa in the international market reached to 800 points in the late 2008, these indeed inclined the risk premium which forced many countries like Kenya to stop imploring from international financial markets and circulate the long term resources to local markets.There was a decline in the foreign exchange reserves because of the depreciation of currencies, this happened due to the decline in the commodity prices. Variations in the currency exchange rate against American dollars and Euros delivered an effect in the African economy. There was a three fifth of drop in the copper prices due to the global economic crisis. Hence African countries were one of the international reserves of copper and they had faced a chief downfall in their foreign reserves. There was about 50% depreciation of the currency of countries like Zambia against American dollars. Africa is one of the main continents with abundant of resources whose exports were one of the major earnings and helped in increasing the growth of economy. There have been decline in the commodity prices and volume all over the world because of the global economy crisis in the late 2008. This crisis inclined certain effects in the African economy, there was a three fifth decline in the prices of the crude oil which was one of the major reserves of Africa. Some of the other major natural resources of Africa such as diamond, copper, timber etc produced by mining declined by 30%, the development in the African export sector declined by 3% and there was a reduction in the GDP was about 3.5% compared to the fiscal year 2008. There were certain adverse effects because of the reduction in commodity prices which resulted in, reduction in the gain, low profit for high production cost resources, decline in government aids and finally the termination of many projects which were supported by FD I incline a huge loss to the African economy. The decline in the price of food commodities resulted in restructuring the government budget and balance of payments. There are certain regions in Africa such as Burundi where the oil is imported would have an positive impact of the reduced prices there are also certain negative impacts in attracting FDI for these countries which would decrease their development. EFFECT OF LONG TERM AND MEDIUM TERM TRANSACTIONS There are certain effects on the trade of goods and services in the world due to the global economic crisis from which Africa is not isolated. According to the reports there is an decrease in the growth of trade in terms of exports and imports, there is a decrease of 5% in the growth of imports and 7% in the growth of exports. Africa will experience a loss of about 45% of its value of exports. The other important effect is due to the capital flow within Africa and the world, there was a decline in the FDI about 21% in the African region towards the end of 2008. This effect has only been described by certain countries is Africa such as Egypt while other countries have increased the FDI such as South Africa. But there was certain adverse effects of FDI in the production of natural resources which was not availed as assured by international markets due to the economic crisis. The effect of short term capital flows is there was a decline about 50% in the capital flow for emerging counties because of the reduction in the availability of financial resources, but the African economy only suffered upto a lesser extent because of the limited bonding between the external financial markets and the African financial markets. IMPACT OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS ON SUB SAHARAN AFRICA The major effects of the global economic crisis in the sub Saharan region were the decline in their trade, decline in the remittances, and reduction in external financing. The major problem in the sub Saharan region was their trade was mostly depended on the countries suffered by economic crisis this reduced the demand in the resources exported. The decline in the prices of the primary commodities in sub Saharan Africa accounted to adverse effects in their economies. The government revenues depend on tourist sector for development infrastructure which suffered a major hit during the crisis. The decline in world trade accounted by one percent accounted to half the percent decline in the growth of the sub Saharan region. The prominent causes for the economic crisis in the sub Saharan region was the trade with United States, there was a fifty seven percent decline in the trade between the two regions. The development of the sub Saharan Africa was majorly because of the trade with china, thirteen percent of this regions exports and a comparative ten percent of imports depended on the trade with China. The investors from china were behind the initiative of many projects in the Africa region funded by them. The integration between both the regions decreased after the effect of global economic crisis leading to further impacton the economy of the sub Saharan Africa countries. There was a dramatic decline in the capital inflows in the sub Saharan region compared to other parts of Africa. There was a 26.7% drop in the external investments which accounted to the financial crisis of the economy of many countries. The sub Saharan Africa earned reasonable government revenue from migrant remittances who suffered adverse effects because of redundancy as an effect of the economic crisis, this reduced the government revenues in terms of tax. There were certain assurance given by the developed countries in the G8 committee meeting regarding the increase in the funding to the Afr ican countries which was not implemented due to the economic crisis. Out of the impact of the financial crisis on the entire African continent, Southern Africa will be affected the most. Countries like Angola will experience a dramatic downfall in their growth about 20.9%, the economy growth of east Africa will be affected by 2%, the Sub Saharan region will have difficulties in fiscal balancing. There will be huge responsibilities for the government to structure their budget to meet the social needs of the people in Africa. These are the financial issues experienced by Africa during the Global Economic Crisis. IMPACT OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS ON REMITTANCES IN AFRICA The prominent impact of the global economic crisis in Africa was on remittances which indeed resulted in severe harm to the African Economy. Before the economic crisis remittances was one of the modes of earnings in the African economy. Remittances helped in the developing the infrastructure of African Economy and was one of the major sources of external financing.. The remittances of natural resources exporting countries were affected the most, since Africa is one of the prominent exporters of natural resources they faced badly affected by the economic crisis. Remittances in Africa where expected to decline about six percent which could damage the economy of remittance dependent countries. Certain countries in Africa were expecting external financing aid to overcome the decline in remittances. The major regions having effect on remittances are the North African regions whose economy depends on it. CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF DECLINE IN REMMITANCES The remittances in the African economy is prominently transferred in informal terms such as friends and relatives, the formal mode of transmission of remittances in Africa is through the banking system. The major remittance in Africa is the workers remittance, the remittance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"GDP ratio for many countries in the African region was at an average of nine percent . these above calculations explains the contribution of remittances in the growth of African economy. The African economy dependence on remittances was comparatively low to other parts of the world. Another spread of remittances was in terms of migrants, Africa countries face 20% of their migration within their continent. Because of the migrants to other continents such as Europe and America which were the worst affected continents of the global economic crisis there was a decline in the remittances. North Africa region was affected the most because they had many migrants in Europe and Middle East which has face d adverse negative impacts in their economy. The countries like Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria had a decline of about seven to nine percent in their remittances because of the larger proportion of migrants from their country in Europe regions affected by the Global economic crisis. This decline in the remittances has produced an impact on the government revenues in Africa, and also affected fiscal structure of the economy. Because of the global economic crisis which leads to the decline of process in the manufacturing industries accounted to job cuts, this situation lead to the decline in remittances. The decline in remittances damaged the better earnings in the households which caused poverty and increased the infant mortality rate. There were some positive impacts due to the increase in remittances in certain regions of Africa such as Kenya because of the decline in the import commodity prices. The major effects of decline in remittances are it decreases the governments revenue in terms of tax. The decline in the revenue can affect the GDP of the economy, and effects on negative growth of GDP increases the IMR. Many countries in Africa such as Ethiopia are about to lose 0.2 to 0.3 percent of their GDP growth. The African country to be majorly affected by the decline in remittances is Morocco, where it faced two to three percent of decline in their GDP growth. The countries in Africa which had immense migration transfer to Europe faced immense damage in their GDP. The ultimate effect on decline in remittances is, redundancy of migrants which will affect their household incomes resulting in poverty. To sum up the ultimate cause of decline in remittances was redundancy of migrants and nationals, decline in the external financing because of economic crisis. Finally the effects of redundancy are decline in house hold incomes, unemployment, and decline in government revenues. THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS ON THE AFRICAN ECONOMY EFFECTS OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS IN ECONOMY FACTORS Africa encountered a drastic change in their economy during the economic crisis in the world. Before the economic crisis the African oil exporting countries gained plenty of foreign exchange which they used for projects to develop the infrastructure and repay their debt. During the global economic crisis there was a 60% downfall in the oil prices which had a bad effect on their GDP. The GDP of African countries exporting oil were facing a decline of 5% which had adverse effects on their economy, even oil importers in Africa will face a decline of 2% of their GDP and all these accounted to the decline in the oil revenue. There were several regions in Africa which recorded a positive growth in their GDP despite the decline in the prices of the commodities such as North Africa, Morocco and certain other countries. There will be a total unbalance in the economy of some countries in Africa because of the decline in the exports sector more than the imports, they will face a couple of downf all in a countrys economic structure. Hence the countries will face difficulties to restructure the economy and there would be a reduction in the consumption because of the downfall in revenue. The other effects on the economy of Africa is inflation, this would be a serious problem encountered by the economy of many African countries. The inflation would raise about three percent in the African region because of the decline in the revenue, but the positive impact of the crisis is that there would be a reduction in the commodity prices which might take the pressure on inflation for some reasonable time. The countries which import oil will have a positive impact of reduction in the inflation rate in their economy, but it is the opposite for the countries exporting oil and will face an increase in the rate of inflation. There is certain decline in growth prospects of Africa as an impact of the global economic crisis, despite of not being directly affected by the World financial crisis because of the low bonding with external economies, there was some decline in the growth prospects in the African region. The oil exporters in Africa faced a decline of three percent in growth while the oil importing countries faced a decline of one percent in growth. Developing countries in Africa will face difficulties due to the reduction in the demand of their goods, these effects could halt the Africas development into a superior power. EFFECTS OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS ON INDUSTRIES The other key sectors which had a major impact due to the crisis was the tourism sector, they suffered major damages during the global economic crisis. The revenue in the tourism sector was affected badly in the African region making the functions of the sector miserable. There was a decline in the number of arrivals to the countries like Kenya in Africa. The decline in the arrivals accounted to a decline in the profit for airways. The decline in tourism which is one of the governments revenue from the service sector faced many negative impacts, there was considerable amount of loss due to cancellations. Countries like Egypt and Kenya experienced ten to thirty percent fall in their revenue. There was major losses on the mining sector due to the economic crisis, many projects in the African region were terminated or postponed because of the shortage of investments. For instance the decline in the copper prices had halted many projects in the African region in countries like Zambia, th e leading copper mining industries faced one fourth decline in their supplier contracts. Many mining projects were terminated because of the falling copper prices. Other natural resources such as cobalt also faced reduction in their prices which halted operations in certain projects in countries like The Democratic Republic of Congo. There were many employees been laid off because of the termination of the projects, the Democratic Republic of Congo alone recorded two hundred thousand employees dropped. The decline in the price of other natural resources have caused adverse effects on budget, countries like Gabon in Africa experienced negative impacts. The reduction in the price of iron, uranium and bauxite which are one of the major exports in many countries experienced decline in the revenue. Since Africa has been one of the major continent with an abundant wealth of natural resources and the fall in the price of natural resources has made Africa suffer severely which indeed result ed in economic crisis. The textile industry was also not isolated from this economic crisis. Because of the decrease in the demand of textile goods from the African region several industries had to face immediate closure. The countries in Africa were facing immense pressure because of the unemployment of people. The termination of an industry at an average caused reduction of four thousand jobs. There was huge pressure from the labor unions to the government regarding unemployment. The impact on the African manufacturing industry by the global economic crisis has resulted in restructuring of the economy and experience serious financial crisis. Finally the global economic crisis has affected the African economy in several sectors. According to reports two third countries of the African continent are affected by the downfall in the price of natural resources. The major decline of the African economy has caused by one ultimate factor which is the reduction in the commodities. The other minor factor like the decline in the foreign investment is also the cause of African economy crisis. RECOMMENDATIONS There are certain recommendations suggested as a consultant of the African union in order to increase the growth of the economy. To start with the recommendation process, it would highlight facts on four features which are observation on the financial structure, reduction of crisis impact on health, revival of the policies in the economic structure and derivative such as bail out policies. We shall discuss the impact of these recommendations on the African System. The major recommendation in the health sector is the prevention of the effects of the economic crisis that has not fully affected the house hold regions. Hence necessary conservative methods should be taken to take care of the adverse effects of the crisis. There must be constant check on the negative effects in the health sector and take necessary actions. Mainly the IMR should be taken care of to a greater extent. Monitoring the growth of infants could help the development in the health sector. There should be constant negotiation within the health organizations and the population. There should be a drastic increase in the investments in the health sector. The African governments should restructure their fiscal budgets for more allowances to the health sector. Most of the developed countries spent 0.7% of their GDP in the health sector for a better healthy environment. The African economy should make better use of the funds provided by the World Bank for effective health climate. T here should be a constant check in the available resources in the health sector and efficient usage of the available resources is recommended. There are several measuring concepts in the current world to measure the expenditure, performance and future projects of a health sector. A better organization can result in better performance in the health sector. The current economic crisis has helped Africa have a view on the current health structure and decide suitable remedies to overcome this deficiency. The crisis has helped Africa have a check on the IMR, poverty, healthy environments, and causes of the diseases. These checks have recommended Africa to invest on certain suitable regions such as food, medicines etc in the health sector and decide what are the gradual steps to be taken to fight against deaths. The use of health care vouchers is proved effective in many parts of the world which should be concerned by the African economy. There must be necessary action taken in the organi zing and implementing of health programs to perform against the negative impacts. Taking severe actions in the prevention of environmental harms that creates health hazards could prove profitable. The communities in each society should take care of these remedies. The crisis has urged the recommendation of implementation of external aids as soon as possible, governments should derive suitable policies for attracting external financing in the health sector. There should be a bonding between the donors in the health sector and the health organizations. There are several African developing countries maintaining this bond. However the suitable remedies cannot assure the protection of the health sector in the future because it is difficult to estimate such reactions. To summarize the integration between the government and the beneficiary partners can always develop the growth of health sector in Africa. There are certain suitable recommendations on the financial structure of Africa for suitable developments. The initial recommendation would be that there should be a strong network of communication between the African finance ministry and senior banking officials to have a check at the financial breakdown of banks, these actions can prevent the bankruptcy of banks. This action could promote the operations of the bank and increase the African regional process to emphasize the growth of small countries taking advantage over larger countries. There must be a day to day surveillance of the finance markets and the changes on exchange rates and stock prices. This could increase the growth of African economy by taking suitable necessary actions to prevent the adverse effects. There could be a design such as when the numbers of exchange rates and stock prices are adverse, defensive actions are taken by the necessary authorities. This could increase the awareness of the government to perform recovery operations. Because of the economy crisis the banks might face a structural damage because of the shortage in the liquidity of cash flow. Hence necessary actions by the government on the banks can regain market confidence of the customers. This action could indeed trigger the operations of industries by lending money and operations in household by lending credit, hence a economic balance is created. The African governments can generate these funds with the help of foreign reserves such as bonds in capital markets. The African economy can reconstruct their finance structure with the help of international finance organizations. So in order to balance the African economy, frequent check on banks and surveillance of the market is necessary. There are certain long term operations which helps the Africa governments in maintaining economic balance. To maintain balance in the economy regulatory policies should be issued by the government on the transparency of operations performed by the banks and their finance system should be supervised regularly. In order to increase further liquidity there should be regulatory operations performed by the African regional organizations. The African banking structure must be able to meet the capital demands, hence regulatory policies should be improved. The African economy must increase their growth such as their banks start to perform FDI operations in other regions. The network can be further strengthened with the help of legal operations, the legal binding operations can lead to development and growth of the financial structure of the banking sector. The bonding between the legal system and the banking system can result in the growth of African economies. There can be necessary actions performed to increase the competition between banks for better performance. Hence with the help of these recommendations the African economies can experience development in the banking sectors. An effective incentive scheme should be announced for corporate to decrease the involvement of foreign aids in the African economy. The introduction of the insurance schemes can promote the stability in the economy of the country because of reasonable liquidity of cash flow, with these factors the adverse effects of the financial crisis can be limited. However the investments in insurance could bring stability to all the customers under this structure which is an important beneficiary factor in the growth of African economy. The derivation of guidelines in the trade sector could bring assurance to the operations performed by the government. There are certain African countries like South Africa who has mastered these procedures better than any other country in the African continent. The devel opment of strategies by the financial institutions can build the solidarity of the financial structure of the African economy. The globalization of the ownership with the help of public offerings can help in the financial balance of industries. Hence the implementation of these recommendations could account to the prominent growth of African continent. CONCLUSION Africa which has abundant natural resources has experienced adverse negative effects because of the global economic crisis which indeed has produced immense knowledge on the economic structure. The decline in the demand and prices of natural resources has questioned the trade of natural resources. This has resulted in the reduction of government revenues. However the plenty of natural resources have given the African continent hope to develop again. Many countries in the African continent economy depend on the export of raw materials mainly in the Sub Saharan Africa region. With the help of immense manufacturing knowledge, Africa can survive over poverty and can become one of the superior powers in the world with the help of this knowledge. The usage of certain skills can help in the development of the economy of Africa. The traditional knowledge in Africa was a major driver towards the resource exploitation process which cannot handle the current economy. The African countries exper ienced an average of 3.2% growth while other developed countries in the world experienced a relatively lower growth rate. This report of growth during recession has saved Africa from a majority of negative impacts. The global economic crisis has affected many growth contributors of the African economy. The African economy is not isolated from the twin deficits because of the global economic crisis. The existence of the African crisis can considerably increase the poverty rate in Africa. To overcome the economy drawbacks, Africa took the help the help of international finance organizations The growth in the economy could help development in poverty reduction programs, the main consideration in order the former to take place was the development in the mobilizing of resources .there are certain important strategies which should be taken into account in order to increase growth. The policies which support the contributors of the growth must integrate with the government regulations to develop the economy. There should be a bonding developed between the public sector and the private sector to develop the infrastructure of the economy and create competition. The banking sector must use the derivatives of strategies to increase the economy stability and reduce the crisis effects. The government should have an surveillance on the sufficient flow of the medical aid, development aid etc from the donors to mitigate the negative effects. The support from the banking sector in analyzing the rectification of the economic crisis must widely be supported by the government regulatory. There was certain international organizations support in overcoming the financial crisis such as the G-20 summit decided to invest about one trillion to overcome the current global economic crisis from which Africa received certain benefits. There was certain support from the G8 summit later which bought many other donors in aiding the rescue of crisis hit countries. The recovery strategies used by these organizations helped the developing countries in Africa to overcome the economic crisis. There were several mode of support from the international organizations. The United States of America which was one of the major causes of globalization has agreed to invest 20 billion in the agricultural development which indeed increases the aid of food to the African countries. However the trade predictors cannot assure any guarantee in the implementation of this aid. The monetary functions of the international institutions such as IMF have all assured in the availability of funds to the regio n for developing countries in Africa as an initiative from the World Bank. There are several policies reformed in the aiding of funds by the world finance organizations in order to increase the capital flow to recover from the current economic crisis. These all include the scenario of bailout packages, exchange of capital in terms of bonds to increase the liquidity indeed to make the economy stable. These steps help in rectifying several causes like capital shortfall, shortfall in infrastructure for industries, shortfall in capital for mining projects etc. the world back have also initiated various education programs, developing strategies in order to help the African nations to recover from the crisis. The amount funds given by world bank to the African continent is approximately ten billion American dollars and have assure to lend additional eleven billion American dollar funds in the following year. There were tremendous help from world bank to its member countries , the banks of the member countries approved the fast track facility of the world bank. This helped the banks for instant recovery and supported them in maintaining confidence in the market, this indeed increased the investment of customers. These facilities allowed the banks to receive two million as the front load capital under IDA-15. The overall African countries supported by this system were approximately fifteen of them, the countries like Democratic Republic of Congo were much happy in the introduction of these policies. Now let us look at the actions taken by the African governments in the recovery of economic crisis. There was a committee of finance ministers and senior bank officials formed to create a network which has frequent surveillance on the process of the banks. There were frequent meeting between the officials of both the committee in order to discuss the impacts of the economic crisis on that sectors and derive suitable remedies. This process has created fiscal balance and economic stability in the country. There were certain steps taken by the government which added features of stimulus packages followed by countries like Mauritius and South Africa. There was certain assistance given to the economy sectors of countries like Nigeria and Uganda which followed the government monetary policy. The additional feature of financing in exchange of bonds helped the development of countries like Cape Verde and Kenya. African governments did not have sufficient reserves to fund policy that could ad dress the crisis in a effective manner. There were limitations in many countries for the governing the economy in a efficient manner, there was sustainable reactions for new projects because of insufficiency of capital and limitations in the fiscal budget for initiating fiscal stimulus packages. While other major institutions have suggested African government to develop the social security nets and infrastructure projects which have major potential in contributing to the growth of the economy. The expenditures on the development of infrastructure declined even before the current economic crisis. There was an adverse effect because of corruption in this region of the world which damages the efficiency of the government. There was five new provisions introduced by the world bank and IFC projecting the growth of markets in Developed countries. The expert prediction of IFC and World Bank declared the initiative of funding these new provisions around $31 billion towards the end of 2009. World Bank has always proposed certain regulations to decrease the harm and effects of the crisis on Africa, these also helped in organizing lending and policy advice which indeed accounts to the reduction of poverty, safety nets, infrastructure support, and budget support to emphasize the functioning of private sectors to generate market stability. On the account of IFC in World Bank an additional aid of $300 million is given to the African countries so that the countries can fund the private sectors who are facing closures because of the shortage in finance. There are several actions taken by the international organizations in stepping up and taking actions to help the developing countries to prepare plans to respond to the crisis. There was a funding of $1.2 billion food crisis program launched by the GFRP. There was 83 million USD aided by the GFRP in order to meet the expenditures, these expenditures could not be met by the government because of the losses suffered due to the decrease in the fuel prices There was an increase response from African development bank group which announced certain new facilities which helped in the acceleration of the economy process towards growth. The new plans on implementation can solve several obligations including the liquid flow of cash. There was several initiatives presented by the AFDB in using the banking resources to an greater extent in order to support trade financing. The AFDB had a application processing at a greater speed to accelerate the growth. It has approved several loans in the recen t months to keep the economy stable and maintain the fiscal balances in the country. The international monetary fund was the major source of aid to the countries all over the world. The aiding of the IMF in the African region increased drastically in the late 2009. The external finance integration of the African countries developed because of the IMF. The IMF has also accelerated efforts in the aiding the borrowers of low income destination in Africa. There was a $250 billion worth of special provision of borrowing international monetary funds designed, with the help of the surplus in aids there are actions taken to increase the GDP of the African continent. To conclude finally the African countries are expected to increase their operation process in the sectors to bring stability in the economy. These funding from the overseas organizations helped many developing from the countries from economy break down and develop gradually. Hence the African continent is not isolated from the impact of Global economic crisis and has the potential to become the superior power in the world with the help of its abundant wealth of natural resources.

The Life Of Alexander The Great - 994 Words

The Life of Alexander the Great Camia Lopez Alexander the Great, the Son of King Philip II of Macedonia, was a young yet ambitious leader who conquered many nations. In ancient Greece, Greeks desired their leaders to be intelligent, prestigious, loyal, and hospitable. Alexander, an ambitious commander, satisfied all categories to qualify as a great leader. Alexander was born into nobility for his father was a descendent of Heracles, and his mother was a descendent of Aeacus. As Alexander grew older, he was tutored by Aristotle, a well respected Philosopher; There, he developed the thirst for more knowledge. To add on, after learning about medicinal properties, he applied it in real life to aid and cure his friends. On the other hand, many others saw Alexander’s invasion as chaotic and power driven because of the mayhem that have accompanied Alexander’s raid. Although many might argue that Alexander may seem like a heroic and powerful man for conquering various nations, others may see him as a destructive and bell igerent man that was only thirsty for power and the expansion of land. In Alexander’s early life, his parents, King and Queen of Macedonia, are first introduced as descendants of Heracles and Aeacus, sons of the almighty Zeus. Immediately, we know that Alexander will turn out a good son because he was born into a wealthy, prominent, and well-born family. If you were born into a wealthy family in Greece, it is predicted that the child will turn out to be a goodShow MoreRelatedThe Life Of Alexander The Great1264 Words   |  6 PagesThe Life of Alexander the Great There are many great conquers in the history of this world. Augustus Caesar, Atilla the Hun, Charlemagne, to name a few. But none of these quite measure up to Alexander III of Macedonia. Or, his more common title: Alexander the Great. He conquered much of Asia and the Persian Empire, and left a legacy that will not be forgotten. Alexander III was born in Pella, capitol of Macedonia, on July 20th 356 BC to Olympus, Princess of Epirus, and Philip II, King of MacedoniaRead MoreThe Life Of Alexander The Great1681 Words   |  7 PagesMohand Mahdi Professor Hudenburg History 101 December 9 2015 The life of Alexander the Great Alexander achieved more noteworthy deeds than most of the rulers who had lived before him, but additionally, the individuals who were to come later down to our time. Alexander the Great was conceived at Pella Macedonia in 356 B.C.E. He spent his adolescent years watching his dad changing Macedonia into an extraordinary military force. His Father was King Phillip and his mother was Olympias. His mom was theRead MoreAlexander The Great s Life1660 Words   |  7 PagesAlexander the Great was born on July 20, 356 B.C. in Pella. During his childhood Alexander’s father was actually not around that much. Alexander’s father was usually away fighting with the neighboring nations. However, one very important thing to Alexander’s father and mother was that he was to get an amazing education. While he was young, Alexander’s father hired him a tutor. One of the tutors was Aristotle, who was a very famous Greek Philosopher. When Alexander was only sixteen years old his fatherRead MoreEssay on Life and Times of Alexander the Great1679 Words   |  7 PagesLife and Times of Alexander the Great Introduction Alexander the great made an impact on world history that few individuals can profess to have done. He ruled all of the known world, and one of the largest empires ever. His men were the first westerners to encounter tales of the Yeti. They even discovered and classified new types of flora and fauna, such as the red mold that grew on their bread while they were in Asia, and made it appear as if it were bleeding. He expandedRead MoreThe Life of Alexander the Great (Written from Alexander the Greats Perspective)1679 Words   |  7 Pagespowerful military forces to take ownership of vast amounts of land. A great example of a conqueror is Julius Caesar of the great Roman Empire. Julius Caesar conquered much of Gaul (Modern day France). Another good example of a conqueror is Alexander the great. Alexander had held land from Macedonia to the borders of the Indus valley. Through the conquest of Egypt, Persia, and the northern borders of India, Alexander the Great was a one of the greatest conquerors of all time. My O my son, lookRead MoreAlexander the Great: the Man, the Life, the Legacy Essay example1465 Words   |  6 PagesAlexander the Great: The Man, the Life, the Legacy History is full of remarkable characters. Whether they were noble or unrepentant in their actions those were what made them immortal through our recorded history. One such character is Alexander the Great. Some have accused him as a drunken killer who wanted only to have the world under his rule. Others deem him as a kind-hearted man who wanted to better the world by spreading the culture of his people. The decision of what is in the right andRead MoreAlexander: Truly Great Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesAlexander, son of King Philip II of Macedon, is known as Alexander the Great. However, was he truly great? One may look at his many accomplishments to decide if he deserves the title. Sometimes character is the test of determining if a man is great. Alexander meets both standards with his philosophic background, conquering abilities, victories in battle, and outstanding accomplishments; therefore, he truly meets his title as Alexander the Great Alexander was born in 356 B.C. to King Philip II fRead MoreAlexander the Great Essay1747 Words   |  7 PagesAlexander the Great, son of King Philip II of Macedonia, underwent a journey of overwhelming odds. Alexander led his army through multiple victories across the Persian territories of Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt without the agony of a single defeat. A noteworthy battle of Alexander was the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 B.C.E. The Battle of Gaugamela is significant because it ended Darius’s rule over Persia. [new par.] There are several forces and factors that contribute in making Alexander the GreatRead MoreAn Accurate Historical Account of Alexander the Great in Flavius Arrianus Xenophons The Campaigns of Alexander704 Words   |  3 PagesFlavius Arrianus Xenophon, also known as Arrian, author of â€Å"The Campaigns of Alexander,† is also well known throughout history for his educational connection with philosopher Epictetus. This book was meant to be Arrianâ⠂¬â„¢s master piece; his claim to fame. Arrian created â€Å"The Campaigns of Alexander,† to depict the life and times of Alexander the Great (July 20, 356-June 10, 323 BC). Today Arrian’s â€Å"The Campaigns of Alexander,† is considered one of his greatest pieces of work and is recognized historicallyRead MoreAlexander The Great : Legacy Of A Conqueror Essay915 Words   |  4 PagesWinthrop Lindsay Adams, the author of Alexander the Great: Legacy of a Conqueror, is a history professor at the university of Utah. Other than Alexander the Great: Legacy of a conqueror, Professor Adams has written other works, which include Sport, Spectacle and Society, Ancient Macedonia, Alexander s Successor to 221 B.C.E, Sport and Ethnicity in Ancient Macedonia, The Macedonian Wars, The Antigonids, and The Frontier Policy of Philip II. The author s typical style of writing is history, which

Heavy Metal Music and Society Grunge free essay sample

The musical genre that we chose for our assignment was Grunge, also referred to as The Seattle Sound. 2. What time period does it correspond to? The time period that Grunge corresponds to was the asss. Despite many influences on grunge that rooted back to as early as the asss, the Grunge explosion was In the early asss. Some of the founding bands of Grunge. Such as Soundboards. Nirvana, and Alice In Chains, actually formed in the ass.Many members of Grunge bands, such as Pearl Jam, also had their own bands in the asss through the early asss, such as Mother Love Bone and Temple Of The Dog. 3. Did this type of music reflect the culture of society at the time? How? Egg. Has it addressed social issues of injustice (race, gender, wealth, poverty, war, etc. )? Grunge did not reflect the culture of society at the time, because It was Just starting to get noticed. 4. Did this type of music influence the culture of society at the time? How? Yes, it influenced the culture of some society at the time. Grunge influenced those who were looking for a new type of music and a new fashion. Most people who followed Grunge usually followed it because they didnt care for the other genres out at the time.People started to follow this fashion as Grunge expanded. 5. Has it introduced a new type of music to society? Egg. Beginning of rock and roll. Grunge was the introduction of a genre composed of heavily distorted guitars, different song dynamics, and anger in the lyrics. Punk bands such as The Clash and The Sex Pistols were an influence on many Grunge bands in how they often addressed social issues and opposed society at their concerts. And early Heavy Metal Bands such as Black Sabbath and Led Zeppelin had an influence on the musical style of Grunge.Grunge was the first genre to combine the two. 6. Has it influenced a certain generation? How? Egg. Teenagers. The majority of people who listened to Grunge were in their late teens, even into their twenties. Grunge influenced a slacker attitude. Most Grunge listeners were indifferent about what others thought about them. This attitude compliments the fashion of the Grunge era, which represents the slacked attitude. Also, Grunge sometimes influenced fans to take a stand against society. 7. What are some of the musicians fit into this category of music?Neil Young was often defined as The Godfather Of Grunge but he was more Of an influence On what Grunge turned out to be. The three bands that were the first successful Grunge bands were Soundboards, Pearl Jam, and Nirvana. Pearl Jams debut album, Ten, (released August 27, 1991) was a major hit in the Grunge era, and also the first successful Grunge album. Nirvanas second studio album, Nevermore, (released on September 24, 1 991 ) was considered by some the best Grunge album ever, making Nirvana an overnight sensation.Soundnesss third studio album, Butterfingers, released on October 8, 1991) was their first breakthrough album as a Grunge band. Other Grunge bands of the asss consisted of Alice In Chains, Stone Temple Pilots, Mudstone, The Melvin, Green River, Screaming Trees, Hole, and Smashing Pumpkins. 8. Fashion and trends of the time that correspond to the musical genre chosen. The Grunge fashion composed of flannel, long hair, jeans (baggy, ripped or faded), sunglasses and Doc Marten boots. This style resembled the slacker/ indifferent attitude of Grunge, showing that the people didnt care about what they wore.

Character Is Nessessary For Happiness Aristotle Essay Example For Students

Character Is Nessessary For Happiness Aristotle Essay Outline1 A Brief Overview of Aristotle’s Philosophy2 Aristotle on the structure of the sciences3 Plato and Aristotle connections4 Aristotle on Dialectic5 Aristotle’s World View A Brief Overview of Aristotle’s Philosophy Aristotle essay is a common topic for college students. He is famous due to his politics, poetry, as well as a theory of tragedy. Take a look at our essay example below, the introduction of which can be a short description of his biography. Aristotle  was  born  in  the city of  Stagira,  which  was  located  in  the Greek colony of Thrace. Because of the name of his native city, Aristotle was often called Stagirsky. He came from  a  dynasty  of  healers. His  father  Nikomah  was  a  court  physician  of  the  Macedonian king Aminta III, and his mother Festida was of noble birth. Aristotles philosophy is influenced by his twenty years studying with Plato in the Academy. In particular, both of Aristotles two main philosophical projects, first, the clarification of the nature, scope and results of logical reasoning, or, more simply, dialectic, and second, setting out a coherent science of the universe, including especially life on earth, can both be seen as resulting from being a student of Plato in the Academy. More particularly, the latter project was heavily influenced by Aristotle wanting to provide an answer to the Parmenidean strictures against the possibility of change, motion and plurality, as well as what he regarded as other Presocratic mistakes, misconceptions, and limitations in their accounts of nature and how it works. Aristotle’s account of nature and how it works leaned quite heavily, to put it mildly, on the concepts and principles he would have encountered studying at Plato’s knee. Aristotle on the structure of the sciences Aristotle is famous due to his virtue theory and studying in metaphysics. One of the most important distinctions for understanding Aristotle’s philosophy is his tripartite division of the sciences. We do science, according to Aristotle, for one reason, knowledge. But what we wish to know takes 3 basic forms: to know for its own sake, to know for the sake of conduct and to know how to make useful or beautiful objects. Thus, Aristotle divided the sciences accordingly into the theoretical, the practical and the productive. It is also important to appreciate that Aristotle inherited from Plato the idea that nature and our knowledge of it is a series of hierarchical arrangements and relations. Plato and Aristotle connections There are many similarities in the studying of Plato and Aristotle: The unity of the sciences. Like Plato, Aristotle believed that all human knowledge was a unity. Science, in order to be science, had to be systematically done. Whatever facts one gathers must be placed into a single, systematic whole. Otherwise, it couldnt be regarded as knowledge. Aristotle was concerned to gather the information and evidence that would allow humans to create this systematic science. Logic. Platos pioneering work as a logician (classification and dialectic were key components of the curriculum of Platos Academy) and his influence on Aristotle helped to make Aristotle the founder of logic, as it existed for 2000 years or so. Plato had a deep and abiding interest in questions of ontology. Platos ontology centers on the Forms. Although Aristotle rejected the view that the Forms have an independent existence, he too posited Forms as key aspects of reality, albeit, the world as we encounter it in the sublunary world. Plato regarded knowledge, scientific knowledge in particular, as a search for the causes or explanations of phenomena including happiness. Aristotle inherited this concern and saw scientific activity as consisting of the search for an explanation, rather than that of merely compiling facts and observations. Aristotle on Dialectic Dialectic was a key notion for Plato. After all, he regards it as the coping stone study for his philosopher-rulers in the Republic. However, Plato does not go into much detail regarding the nature of dialectic. We know that it is the means for reasoning about the Forms, i.e., intelligible objects and that it seems to be tied to principles of classification. .u6c82e1a61f911bd65e2b50112826848e , .u6c82e1a61f911bd65e2b50112826848e .postImageUrl , .u6c82e1a61f911bd65e2b50112826848e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c82e1a61f911bd65e2b50112826848e , .u6c82e1a61f911bd65e2b50112826848e:hover , .u6c82e1a61f911bd65e2b50112826848e:visited , .u6c82e1a61f911bd65e2b50112826848e:active { border:0!important; } .u6c82e1a61f911bd65e2b50112826848e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c82e1a61f911bd65e2b50112826848e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c82e1a61f911bd65e2b50112826848e:active , .u6c82e1a61f911bd65e2b50112826848e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c82e1a61f911bd65e2b50112826848e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c82e1a61f911bd65e2b50112826848e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c82e1a61f911bd65e2b50112826848e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c82e1a61f911bd65e2b50112826848e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c82e1a61f911bd65e2b50112826848e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c82e1a61f911bd65e2b50112826848e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c82e1a61f911bd65e2b50112826848e .u6c82e1a61f911bd65e2b50112826848e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c82e1a61f911bd65e2b50112826848e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mitchell V. Wisconsin EssayWe can also say that dialectic is Platos way of extending Socratic elenchus. Both dialectic and elenchus serve to critically examine our thoughts and ideas concerning single concepts (the more abstract, the better, it seems), that is, both techniques concern themselves with trying to provide adequate answers to What is X? questions. For Aristotle, it was clear that the activities of elenchus and dialectic were intimately connected to the notion of definition, and so his logical works begin with an attempt to clarify the concept of definition. Aristotle’s World View Perhaps the most important distinction Aristotle makes is that between the universe â€Å"below the moon† (sublunary) and the universe â€Å"above the moon.† The sublunary world is a world of Heraclitean flux whereas the world above the moon is a world of the indestructible, the stable, the perfectly orderly, the rational. This distinction shows that Aristotle too recognized the distinction that Plato and his predecessors had drawn between Being and Becoming. For Aristotle, the sublunary world contained four basic material constituents, fire, air, earth and water. Each element has a pair of the four primary powers of nature, wet, dry, cold, hot. Fire is dry and hot; the air is cold and dry, water is wet and cold, while earth is dry and cold. Each of the four elements has a â€Å"natural movement† and a â€Å"natural place.† Fire’s natural movement is up, and its natural place is the highest part of the universe; the earth has opposite movement, namely, down but Aristotle puts the earth at the center of the universe. (Not sure what blocks it from reaching the bottom?). Air and water are between these two. These four elements can and do act upon and change into each other. Aristotle’s conclusion that the Earth is the center of the universe and that the heavenly bodies rotate around us is really not his own doing but is simply an echoing of respected astronomers of his day, including Eudoxus and Callippus. Aristotle also believed that the universe is spatially finite but temporally infinite, that is, without beginning and without end.

United States Governmental Issues During The Late 19Th Century Essays

United States Governmental Issues During The Late 19Th Century Thesis: Although the American Government failed to take effective actions to solve the major concerns of the late 19th century, many attempts were taken to solve such controversal conflicts. The young divided nation that had just reconstructed itself from the debts of a civil war now stood as a whole to deal with even more domestic issues. Problems concerning civil service, regulation of railraods, Native Americans, expansion and overgrowing of big businesses, and immigration were the issues that grouped american individuals seperately according to their views on each issue. Although the American Government failed to take effective actions to solve the major concerns of the late 19th century, many attempts were taken to solve such controversal conflicts. The young divided nation that had just reconstructed itself from the debts of a civil war now stood as a whole to deal with even more domestic issues. Problems concerning civil service, regulation of railraods, Native Americans, expansion and overgrowing of big businesses, and immigration were the issues that grouped american individuals seperately according to their views on each issue. In 1881, shortly after President Garfields inauguration, a derange office seekser shot a fatal bullet in the Presidents back. This event once again shocked the americans, who were once horrified by the assasination of former President Lincoln in1865. Following this event, bitter americans coerced the federal government to reform its policy of hiring governmental officials. In respond to the publics outrage over the cause of this assasination, Congress was pushed to remove certain government jobs from the control of party patronage. They passed the new act known as the Pendleton Act of 1881, which set up the Civil Service Commission declaring that federal employees were to be hired on basis of merit. This new law was applied to 10% of federal employees at that time; presently it effected more than 90% of governmental employees. When Harrison was elected President a few years after the Pendelton Act, he followed Congresss earlier tradition of reforming the civil service system to earn his fellow citizens support. On dealing with the issues of veterans, he passed the Pension Act of 1890, which provided that all widows of veterans, and veterans incapable of manual labor may receive a pension. This was a reformation of former President Clevelands policy that only veterans directly wounded in battle may receive a pension. Although these new Acts granted more democracy towards part of the working class, it failed to submit to the majority of the working class. As the depression worsened and the number of jobless people grew, the nation feared class war between capital and labor. They were especially alarmed by Coxeys Army, a march to Washington by thousands of the unemployed led by Populist Joacod A. Coxey. Coxey demanded that the government spend half a billion dollars on public works programs to create jobs. Coxey himself and other protest leaders were arrested, while the rest of the army had to leave for home. The arrest of Coxey proved that the government is not a t all sympathetic towards the majority of the unemployed working class. The number of jobless americans grew more everyday, for space available for jobs could not match the mass number of immigrants pouring into America every hour. The population of the United states more than tripled in the last half of the 19th century, resulting in 76.2 million people by the time the new century arrived. Out of these, 16.2 million belonged to the class of the unemployed immigrants. the year 1882 shocked the americans when it was calculated that over 2000 Europeans immigrants were received by the united states per day. In an attempt to decrease the mass immigration number, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in 1892, prohibiting immigrants from China. Even so, immigrants from European countries continued to accumulate. The General Immigration Act was another attempt to regulate the various immigrants. This act refuse to admit to the United States prostitutes, alcoholics, and insanes. However, America was unable to put this act into effect, for it was hard to determine what disguises those europeans had taken. As a result of the governments failure to restrict its own

Venus and Adonis Essays

Venus and Adonis Essays Venus and Adonis Essay Venus and Adonis Essay she prevents him from using his hunter instincts thus prevents him from being masculine. I see the hunt as having sexual connotations as he has a desire to sexually pursue his quarry. However he is punished for this with death. Is this because Shakespeare is making an allusion to the Earl of Southampton? If Adonis had pursued Venus then Alls well that ends well?Shakespeare draws the plot and characters from a combination of Ovids Book Ten and Book Four. It is important to note that Ovids Book Ten has heavy undercurrents of homoeroticisms and so Adonis is set up as an object of desire for the implied male reader. I believe using this understanding that the poem should be read as slightly ironic.If Adonis lets women lust after him rather than being the hunter of women, then ultimately he suffers the punishement of death. Bearing in mind homosexuality was illegal in Shakespearen England, is Shakespreare trying to warn the Earl o f Southampton? As Adonis is slain by a boar it could be argued that the tusks being a phallic symbol means he is slain for lusting after the wrong object. So in the historical context, the Earl will be punished for lusting after the male gender, he should be concentrating on getting himself a wife.

Enterprise IT at Cisco Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Enterprise IT at Cisco - Case Study Example These strategies can encompass what are known as the four building blocks of competitive advantage; superior efficiency; quality; speed, flexibility and innovation; and responsiveness to customers. Discussion What was Pete Solvik's approach to IT governance? what was the primary style in use at the network/infrastructure level? What about the data level? How about the application level? Pete Solvik completely decentralized the IT functions and distributed the IT funding among all departments in a way that all functions and departments had the autonomy to make decisions regarding the IT system that they wanted to deploy and go ahead with the investment. At the time, IT was considered as an overhead cost and this needed to be changed. He restructured the way in which IT decisions regarding the investment on applications were made. As the IT system of Cisco was failing and the technology was becoming outdated, Solvik decided to implement an Enterprise Resource Planning system to attain a more robust infrastructure. The ERP system was implemented to control the functions of the inventory and manufacturing department and to keep the departments in sync. With the help of the infrastructure implementation, Cisco then launched intranet service for the employees and a web-base online resource for the customers. Solvik enabled all functions and department to select the IT systems that they wished to implement and gave them an autocratic environment of decision making as well as the budget to make the IT investments. He also divided the IT budgets among regional department to give different regions a choice to implement the systems that they found more feasible. However, with the number of different systems deployed, data was being entered into the ERP differently through each department which made it all the more difficult to track information. Although this approach proved successful in the short run, eventually there were too many projects to implement and handle and t his caused various issues. What problems did Cisco have with its internal IT by 2001? Why didn't the ERP system help more? There was a lot of investment over IT implementations but hardly any proved to be fruitful. By giving all departments and functions the autonomy to have their own IT tools caused duplication. This was wasted funds over the same type of systems that had similar functionalities. This not only wasted funds but also caused miscommunication within the company. Also, different tools had different keywords to extract data which caused further problems. As Solvik decentralized the system, there was no single centralized group that overlooked the IT decisions and systems that were being implemented to ensure that there are no redundancies. The problem with interfacing the ERP system was that the various different systems tried to access different information in different ways. Data from the ERP was used differently by the independent systems as there were a number of int erfaced developed to communicate with the ERP. Implementing an ERP system is not enough, the system has to upgraded and extended with the passage for time for it function better. The updating and extension of the system was hindered with the different interfaces used to communicate with the system. Moreover, the employees had become accustomed to the systems that

Health Care Reform & the Future of Nursing Essay

Health Care Reform & the Future of Nursing - Essay Example er expectations have led to improved service delivery as they are entitled to quality health care, which is catered fro through the universal health insurance schemes. The Affordable Care Act holds that all human being are entitled to medical attention as it is a basic human right, regardless of the patient’s financial position. The ethical principle of providing quality and equal health care to everyone is upheld through the act. The affordability of health care makes it possible for everyone to access health care regardless of the person’s financial position. The protection of human rights and offering of quality health care to every citizen are upheld in the ACA (Poskauer, 2014). The Accountable care organizations provide for grouping of patients so as to manage their medical care with the purpose of offering high quality care while cutting costs. This is done through collaborative efforts between hospitals, medical groups, as well as other providers of health care. The amount of money saved through this initiative is kept by the health care providers. The retail clinics model is also a popular innovation. This gives immediate health care to those seeking medical care without the need to have appointments. The dual- eligible model is also gaining ground. This allows patients to receive care using Medicare and Medicaid. This is especially helpful for patients with high medical expenses. The bundled payments are also gaining prominence as it focuses on the quality of care provided and not quantity. The concept bundles all medical costs by the patient into one payment. This ensures that the patient receives standard care for any ailments (Daly, 2013). The nursing leaders need to learn how to handle patients with different needs accordingly. This is because the care provides for all levels and types of care that are sought by the patients. The nurses must learn to seek medical history appropriately so as to ensure that the medical care offered is consistent.

Crisis Management Communication Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Crisis Management Communication - Case Study Example Timothy Coombs developed a three-phase situational crisis communication theory that has been adopted by organizations to handle the crisis. According to this model, communication during a crisis takes three steps which include the pre-crisis communication approach, crisis management communication and post crisis approaches. In 2010, British Petroleum (BP) experienced one of the major crisis to affect the company when one of its offshore drilling sites leaked, leading to a major spill in the gulf of Mexico. This spillage led to the loss of 11 lives and the loss of millions of gallons of crude oil from the drilling reservoir (Coombs & Holladay, 2001). The spillage affected the reputation of the company as it was exposed to major media scrutiny as their mitigation approaches were under scrutiny. However, with the help of the United States government, the oil spill was contained and the company compensated those who lost their lives in the crisis. In this paper, Coombs situational communication model during the crisis will be used to evaluate the approaches that were adopted during the crisis. The organization’s ability to prepare for the crisis and address the concerns during the crisis will be addressed. At the end of the crisis, the company was left with a tainted image from massive media scrutiny making post-crisis communication approaches essential to determine how the company regained its image (Wolf & Merji, 2013). Pre-crisis communication is an anticipatory approach adopted by organizations to prepare for how to handle the pressures of a crisis and how the crisis may expose them in a bad light. During this phase, early signs of a crisis are evaluated and the company makes frantic efforts to address them and ensure that any challenges that may arise are addressed promptly. Before the BP oil crisis, a breach of cement seals at the bottoms of the wells was noted.  

Eating Disorders and the Media

Eating Disorders and the Media The purpose of doing this research project is to provide a different perspective on the role of the media in this modern era. This research project examines the impacts of media influence on eating attitudes and it contains relevant studies and statistics regarding this particular topic. The findings of this research are confined to the United States of America and United Kingdom due to the high prevalence of eating disorders as compared to other countries. In essence, the report covers the effects of media portraying unhealthy body images, weight loss advertisements and reality shows as well as the power of Internet in promoting eating disorders. Based on the evidence, it is clear that the media is responsible for the development of eating disorders in the society. Hence, it is important to take corrective measures and look into this matter seriously before further damage is done. 1.0 Introduction Eating disorders are serious psychological illnesses that result in people having dangerous eating habits. People with eating disorders usually have a negative perception of their body image and will attempt to control their weight through excessive dieting, exercising or purging. In fact, eating disorders cannot be separated from the culture in which they arise. In western countries where thinness is emphasized as an important social value, millions of women are suffering from eating disorders like anorexia, bulimia and binge eating. According to National Eating Disorders Association (2005), approximately 10 million females and 1 million males in the United States are suffering from anorexia and bulimia while 25 million more are struggling with binge eating disorder. Other than psychological and genetic factors, research shows that the media also has a profound impact on eating disorders. The media has grown rapidly over the years with the advancement in technology and now it has the persuasive power that can manipulate the whole society by shaping peoples attitudes and beliefs. This mind-bending power of the media has brought about many debates from different institutions especially on the issue concerning the harmful effects of media exposure on eating disorders. Therefore, immediate actions need to be taken before this issue becomes more and more controversial. Even though the media has the power to shape peoples behaviors and attitudes, do you agree that the media encourages people to develop eating disorders? Looking further into the issue, we will see that the media is indeed guilty of encouraging eating disorders in the society. It portrays an unattainable standard of body image, gives leeway for pro-anorexia groups to spread on Internet and promotes dieting and weight loss. This report will show compelling evidence on how media encourages people to develop eating disorders. They are many negative effects than positive one. The research findings are confined to the United States of America and United Kingdom due to their high prevalence of eating disorders in comparison to other countries. 2.0 Media Promotes Ideal Body Image Body image refers to peoples perception and imagination of their physical appearance. It is not inborn, but learned (Ojeda, 2003, p. 8). A study conducted by Anne Becker in Fiji, where television was introduced as late as the mid-1990s, found that 83% of the people felt television had influenced their perceptions and thoughts about body image and size (Friedman, 2007, p. 31). Therefore, the role of the media in promoting an ideal body image should not be taken lightly as it can cause harmful effects on ones self-image and self-esteem. 2.1 Portrayal of Ultra-Thinness Twenty years ago, the average model weighed 8 per cent less than the average woman, but todays models weigh 23 per cent less (Media Awareness Network, 2010). As time goes by, models and celebrities are becoming thinner and thinner to match the unrealistic cultural standard of beauty. Research shows that unrealistic portrayal of women stereotype in the media can have detrimental effect on ones health. According to Healthy Within (n.d.), an average American woman is 5 feet 4 inches tall and weighs 140 pounds while an average American model is 5 feet 11 inches tall and weighs 117 pounds. These super-thin models portrayed by television and magazines make women feel unhappy and dissatisfied with their physical appearance. As a result, millions of women who fail to reach this standard of beauty feel embarrassed and guilty and the desire to be thin drives them to develop eating disorders. 2.2 Wrong message is conveyed to the Society Television has always been viewed as a source for entertainment and information, but nowadays it begins to influence peoples thinking and attitudes by emphasizing thinness as a way to measure womens worth. For example, heavier actresses often receive negative comments about their bodies and 80% of these negative comments are followed by canned audience laughter (Media Awareness Network, 2010). Besides that, fashion magazines, television and movies are constantly delivering the wrong message that women must be thin in order to be loved, accepted and successful (Schlundt Johnson, 1990, p. 59). The portrayal of happy and successful women being extremely thin has a huge impact on womens perception of beauty. It has forced women to adopt the mindset that thin is beautiful and beauty is success. When women begin to equate thinness with beauty, they will strive hard to become thin so that they are attractive enough to be accepted in the society. Therefore, in order to achieve the ideal body image standard, women violently manipulate their weight and appearance by dieting, purging and even self-starvation. Family Influence Studies show that family influence is also one of the factors that trigger eating disorders. Parents especially mothers have significant influence over teenagers body image problems. In this society where thin is still in, most mothers would want their children to look beautiful and slim. Therefore, parents sometimes inadvertently encourage their children to lose weight even though most of them are not overweight. Parents usually encourage their children to diet with good intentions but teenagers may misunderstood their meaning as being fat is not good and they should lose weight to become thinner and more beautiful. Besides that, parents with weight problems tend to be over-concerned about their childrens weight and body images. This may cause teenagers to feel the pressure to be thin and start developing unhealthy eating habits to control their weight. Since teenagers take their parents words seriously, negative comments on their weight and eating habits may diminish their self-est eem (Ojeda, 2003, pp. 21-25). In conclusion, media promotes ideal body image that can cause women to feel dissatisfied with their body size and shape. The portrayal of ultra-thinness through television commercials, fashion magazines and movies will deliver the wrong message to the society. As a result, women develop dangerous eating patterns to stay thin so that they can reach the standard of beauty portrayed by the media. 3.0 Power of Internet Internet is a powerful agent of socialization and it allows easy access to different kinds of information. The online world of pro-ED (pro-eating disorders) consists of hundreds of websites and discussion groups created by people who claimed that they have the disorders (Healthy Place, 2010). Every time we come across a pro-anorexia site, a warning sign will appear on the opening page clearly specifying that the contents of the site is pro-anorexic and should not be viewed by those who are in recovery or those who do not suffer from an eating disorder. However, many people ignore the warning and enter these sites due to curiosity. 3.1 Impact of Pro-Anorexia Websites Pro-ana websites are online communities for people with anorexia nervosa (Suite101, n.d.). These websites have proliferated rapidly due to the rise of Internet usage in the last decade. They promote anorexia as a lifestyle choice rather than a life-threatening disease (Friedman, 2007, p. 60). Most of the contents in these sites glorify eating disorders and provide tips on how to lose weight more effectively. Therefore, those people without eating disorders but actively seeking for ways to lose weight and those with eating disorders seeking for advice to conceal their disorders become the victims of pro-ana websites. Besides that, these sites also contain inspiring quotations and poetry that encourage eating disorders. The impact of pro-ana websites is so immense that there is no way back after their first visit on these sites. Most of the pro-ana websites display thinspiration pictures of waif-thin models and famous celebrities with eating disorders like Mary-Kate Olsen and Karen Carpenter to get the attention of impressionable young women (Healthy Place, 2010). After viewing these pro-ana websites, teenagers are more likely to be unhappy with their physical appearance and have a negative body image. Study shows that individuals subjected to a single viewing of a pro-ana site are more likely to have low self-esteem and become preoccupied with exercise and weight loss, as compared to the control group (Wikipedia, 2010). 3.2 Online Social Networks Nowadays, there are many social network groups available online such as MySpace, Xanga and Facebook. These online social networks have gained popularity among young people in the recent years and eventually become a tool to promote eating disorders among the members. After connecting with each other for years on unknown and secret websites, pro-anorexia groups are now moving to more public forums like Facebook to attract more people to join their groups (Newsweek, 2008). Many socially isolated anorexics join and become members of these sites because that is the only means of support available to them. Some said that the sites can help them to combat the feelings of loneliness and isolation as well as to get attention from others (Healthy Place, 2010). Moreover, they can find a circle of friends with the similar disease who understand and accept them as who they are. This makes them feel that they are not alone and thus motivated to carry on with their disorders. In short, pro-ana online networking website is a place for anorexics to establish friendship, gain support and seek solace by sharing their sorrows, joys and accomplishments with each other. Social Pressure People in professions where there is a particular social pressure to be thin such as athletes, models, dancers and actors are more likely to develop eating disorders during the course of their career. Studies found that around 15% to 25% of athletes have eating disorders, especially those involved in sports that emphasize on appearance such as figure skating, cheer leading and gymnastics (Schulherr, 2008, p. 244). Besides that, celebrities and models also suffer from eating disorders because they are placed under social pressure to look perfect in front of the camera. In order to look super skinny and sexy, they adopt excessive dieting and self-starvation which can lead to fatal health consequences in the future. For example, Ana Caroline Reston, a rising star in the modeling industry died of anorexia in 2006. Due to social pressure, she starved herself by just surviving on fruit juices, apples and tomatoes for many years. Finally, when she achieved the desired image of a supermodel, the fatal eating disorders took her life at the age of 21. In conclusion, the power of Internet in developing eating disorders among teenagers should not be underestimated. The slippery nature of the web makes the pro-ED world almost impossible to control (Healthy Place, 2010). Therefore, pro-ana websites and social networks should be monitored so that less people would be misled by the harmful information inside these sites. 4.0 Media Promotes Dieting Dieting can be defined as the attempt to lose weight by restricting food intake. Excessive dieting behavior may eventually lead to the development of eating disorders because severe weight loss is the primary symptom of anorexia nervosa. When the power of the media is misused by the advertisers to promote dieting and their diet products, the media can become a formidable force that leads millions of people worldwide to the possibility of eating disorders. 4.1 Exposure to Magazines and Advertisements Advertisements in magazines and television are featuring extremely thin models and celebrities to make women think that they are fat. When women start to fear of gaining weight, they will pursuit dieting as a way to lose weight. As a result, Americans spend over $50 billion on dieting and diet-related products each year (Healthy Within, n.d.). Since the standard of beauty portrayed by the media is unattainable to most people, consumers will never feel satisfied, and therefore creating an endless demand for beauty and weight loss products. Hence, it is certain that these industries are actually earning profit from encouraging a life-threatening disease in millions of women (Friedman, 2007, pp. 27-31). Furthermore, studies also show that adolescent girls who are frequent readers of fashion magazines record higher prevalence of dieting and exercising behaviors to lose weight as compared to those infrequent readers. Many people start to take up dieting because they are motivated by the pictures in the magazines. Dieting books are usually the best-seller because most people are attracted by the diet tips provided inside these books (Schlundt Johnson, 1990, p. 59). Thus, it is evident that the fear of being fat has dominated many young women and adolescent girls and this eventually leads them to engage in excessive dieting and unhealthy eating habits. 4.2 Weight Loss Reality Shows An increasing number of weight loss reality shows are appearing on television screens and all of them demonstrate major results that can be achieved through dieting and exercising (DietWords, 2010). For example, The Biggest Loser is one of NBCs most-watched prime-time programs and it has attracted approximately 10 million viewers each week (The New York Times, 2009). The programs target is to obtain a weight loss of more than 15 pounds per week through severe caloric restriction and many hours of strenuous exercise. However, health care professionals disagree with such extreme routine as it is not advisable to lose more than two pounds a week. These weight loss reality shows can have detrimental effects on the health of the contestants as well as the viewers. In order to win the money reward, some contestants may develop harmful practices to lose more weight within a shorter time. On the other hand, viewers are made to believe that rapid weight loss can be obtained from dieting. Consequently, they may try to emulate the contestants by developing unhealthy eating behaviors to lose weight, which eventually leads to long term fatal effects on their health. Peer Pressure Peer pressure refers to the influence exerted by a peer group in encouraging a person to change his or her attitudes, values, or behavior in order to conform to group norms (Wikipedia, 2010). This is common among teenagers because most of them spend more time with their groups of friends rather than staying at home. However, when teenagers encounter with negative peer pressure relating to their eating habits, it is very dangerous because they may lack the maturity to handle this kind of pressure. When teenagers are teased by their friends about their body size and shape, they will feel the urge to control their weight by dieting, which may lead to the development of eating disorders. Therefore, peer pressure is a factor that triggers dieting and eating disorders among young people. In conclusion, the media has brought about a dieting obsession in the society. Hence, it is clear that frequent exposure to weight loss reality shows, magazines and advertisements can contribute to the development of eating disorders. 5.0 Conclusion In summary, the media is the driving force behind the development of life-threatening eating disorders in millions of people worldwide. It reinforces the intense fear of weight gain among women by portraying pictures of super-thin models, encourages the development of eating disorders through the expanding online world of pro-ED and promotes dieting through weight loss reality shows and advertisements. All three arguments mentioned are clear cut showing that the media is guilty of promoting eating disorders in the society. In time to come, more people will be suffering from eating disorders because of the influence of the media. As the impacts of media influence cannot be seen in the short run, many people do not realize that it can actually lead to serious health consequences in the future. By the time they suffer from an eating disorder, nothing much can be done except to seek treatment and counseling for recovery. Prevention is better than cure. Thus, before it is too late, we should find ways to harness media power for good instead of evil. When there is no enemy within, the enemies outside cannot hurt you (Quotes Daddy, 2010). Therefore, love yourself more and enjoy life to achieve happiness within yourself, only then you will not be conquered by the fear of weight. Stay away from eating disorders and you will never regret. 6.0 Recommendation The following recommendations have been made to rectify the role of media in promoting eating disorders. Avoid using underweight models in the fashion industry as they portray thinness as the standard of beauty. In addition, this report recommends further work to: Set a minimum entry for modeling industry where all models should have a Body Mass Index (BMI) of between 18.5 to 25 Ban models who have a BMI of less than 18 Organize fashion shows that promote healthy body image Ban pro-ana websites that promote eating disorders as a lifestyle. In addition, this report recommends further work to: Introduce laws to impose punishments or fine on any means of mass communication that promotes eating disorders Establish pro-recovery websites and support groups to encourage those people who wish to seek recovery from an eating disorder Research the claim that government control over the media (e.g. censorship) can help to reduce the harmful contents in advertisements and reality TV shows. In addition, this report recommends further work to: Monitor and filter the harmful contents available on any means of mass media including movies, television and Internet Organize Eating Disorders Awareness Week and video competition to raise awareness on eating disorders

Against drugs :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Drugs should not be legalized because there would be an increase in drug abuse due to its availability. Legalized drugs would become cheaper and more appealing to people who previously had not tried drugs. Addicts who tend to stop, not by choice, would not stop because drugs would be more accessible if legalized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The result of drug abuse is thousands of addicts in denial. The good news is that the United States had 286 million dollars and 81,762 drug seizures due to drugs alone, but the bad news is that the number of prisoners has reached 70 percent which will cost the taxpayers 30 million dollars a year to put them in jail annually. (U.S. Department of Justice 1996). Also will the drugs have an effect on the worlds future children if made legal. There is a higher possibility of drug abuser parents if drugs are made legal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For several decades drugs have been one of the major problems of society. There have been escalating views on the war against drugs and countless dollars spent on rehabilitation, but the problem still exists. Not only has the problem increased but drug related problems are on the rise. Drug abuse is a killer in the country. Some are addicts, while others become users.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Has drug abuse played a part in criminal activity? If so how? What will happen to our society, if drugs are legalized? Legalization of drugs is not in the future of the country. Why does the idea of legalization appear and reappear when there is so little support for it? Some proponents of legalization are seeking to normalize the behavior of drug- taking, and many of them are people who use, or have used drugs with little significant impact. Many proponents are wealthy members of the elite who live in

A Summary and Review on an Action Research Report

This is an action research project by a group of students taking up Master of Arts in Teaching and Leadership from Saint Francis University in Chicago, Illinois. It focuses on the use of guided reading in the improvement of student’s reading comprehension and fluency as summarized in the title.Chapter one of the research report begins with a general statement of the problem and focuses on the immediate problem context which are Sites A and B. It describes each school site in terms of its physical structure, profile and salaries of teachers and staff, profile of students, and profile of the district population as well as the profile of its surrounding community.It also points out the national context of the problem and how teachers of the concerned schools can solve the problem. At this point, the researchers included related studies and related literature on the procedures and benefits of guided reading.Chapter two presents the documentation of evidences on the problem. It pre sents a result of a teacher survey which proved the existence of the problem on the students’ reading comprehension and fluency. Research studies on the problem that were conducted by other researchers are revealed. Furthermore, the possible causes of the problem are also discussed.Chapter three provides the strategy for solving the existing problem and it deliberates the literature review on guided reading. It has specified the procedural details, the persons involved and the time frame of the research project.   It also presents in a table a detailed action plan which includes the objectives, interventions, targeted group behaviour, teacher/ researcher behaviour, materials and time duration. The methods of assessment are also given.Chapter four imparts the steps that were done to collect data, the results of the project, the conclusions and recommendations and the reflections of the teacher researchers. It concludes â€Å"that the guided reading intervention using levell ed texts was highly successful in addressing the problem of the reading comprehension and fluency of grades 2 and 4.† Thus, they recommend this reading intervention to those teachers whose students are having problems in reading comprehension and fluency.The researchers have been impersonal in writing the four chapters. However, it became personal when they wrote their reflections on the end part of the paper. There was an inconsistency in the pronouns used because of the 1st person personal pronoun â€Å"we† used on page 31. There are approximately four times more active voice clauses than passive voice clauses in the text. In fact, they are too many to be counted.The paper has been objective in presenting information whether from the researchers’ data gathering or information from other authors. In reporting facts and data, the writers were neutral in their attitude. Indeed, the text has an average degree of formality. Though, it cannot be highly formal because of the personal nature of its closing part.The text has used grammatical cohesive devices such as the linking signals: additionally (10), in conclusion (14), the first †¦, the second†¦(16), the third†¦ (17), during week two (41), in week four, the following week (42), and many more. It also used substitution such as â€Å"this problem† to refer to the below grade level expectancy on reading tasks of students in grades 2 and 4 (1) and â€Å"as stated above† to refer to â€Å"helping readers develop independent, effective strategies (12).†A few of the lexical cohesive devices used in the text are the repetition of phrases such as â€Å"guided reading† (10-13) and â€Å"thirst for reading† (13).